Hoax (rumor) – There are many hoaxes sent via emails, spreading only thanks to human endeavor. The only way how to defend from hoaxes is heightened caution. Hoaxes are the most common with trustworthy companies ( “Microsoft warns…”, “CNN announced…”, etc.) They often inform about catastrophic consequences, e.g. devastating new viruses. What these messages have in common, is appeal for immediate forwarding to other users. This is how hoaxes are spread.